EBCDIC to ASCII (and SBCS) Conversion

Submitted by Ben Bryant on Tue, 2005-11-08 08:20.

The first task I had when I got a C programming job in 1991 straight out of college was a small two week project writing a program to convert EBCDIC to ASCII. The software company I joined had about 10 employees and a consultant named Sam. The owner of our company wanted to do this cheaply as a favor to the customer and hoping for a bigger contract down the road, so I think mostly only my hours were charged on the contract even though it was really just Sam mentoring me. Sam took me over to meet the customers at their site and ask some more questions about the data we were converting. My memory is that they were very nice but they could not give us any more information or sample data!

It can be hard to figure out the encoding (and the variant of the encoding) but once you get the mapping right implementing the conversion efficiently is easy for single byte character sets. Here I take the EBCDIC to ASCII example through these stages and finish by trying to emphasize that it is a crying shame when charset conversion is not extremely fast.

So what encoding is it?

The main problem encountered with encodings is not knowing exactly what encoding the data is in. Data is just ones and zeros although if you have examples of the data to analyse you can sometimes recognize or deduce what the encoding is.

Okay but what variant of that encoding is it?

The trouble is that before the days of ubiquitous text sharing on the Internet, and especially when encodings were burned into the hardware or read-only memory, companies like IBM often used variants of encoding systems whenever it suited their needs. Nowadays, companies are still creating problems by inventing new confusing aliases for existing code pages, and not plainly documenting versions of encodings.

As I mentioned in The Euro Sign Predicament, my pet peeve is that MySQL is calling Windows-1252 "latin1". Anyone who knows a little of the convoluted history of all the encodings similar to Latin-1, and those which are not such as "Latin I" would avoid adding new complexity to this arena. Microsoft changed their Windows-125x code pages at the end of the 90s though very little documentation indicates whether an encoding refers to the standard before or after the change. Similarly, all of the Oracle code pages are updated periodically without clear documentation.

With EBCDIC the problem is magnified because it is a proprietary (even "secret") IBM encoding. If you google it, you will find many sites providing an EBCDIC table without any indication of what flavor of EBCDIC they are showing. At the time in 1991 I remember a book we had that listed several different EBCDIC code pages. Another complication is the fuzzy use of terms like EBCDIC and ASCII. Many "ASCII" tables you will find have 256 values, not mentioning that ASCII is officially only the first 128 values and the other values are part of some other character set. A similar confusion happens for the variants of EBCDIC, although EBCDIC is not limited to the first 128 values of the byte.

To properly document an encoding, documentation should list the names, aliases, origin, and the computer models and operating systems it is associated with to help identify exactly what encoding is being referred to. But this is seldom done.

Anyway, Sam did the detective work on this project using his experience and knowledge of the IBM mainframes likely to be involved to deduce the EBCDIC variant well enough.

The conversion mapping

The conversion itself is the easy part, and that is all I am really going to tackle here. Once you have addressed the investigative issues, you'll come up with a list of character codes for mapping the source encoding (EBCDIC) to the destination encoding (ASCII). For example:

SOURCE --> DEST
00 --> 00   null
01 --> 01   SOH (control code)
02 --> 02   STX (control code)
03 --> 03   ETX (control code)
04 --> 3f   PF (control code, not in ASCII)
05 --> 09   tab (control code)
...
6f --> 3f   ? (question mark)
...
cf --> 3f   (error, not in EBCDIC)
d0 --> 7d   } (right curly bracket)
d1 --> 4a   J (capital letter J)
...
fe --> 3f   (error, not in EBCDIC)
ff --> 3f   (error, not in EBCDIC)

The values on the left are in the range 0 to 255 (i.e. 00 to ff hex), all the possible values of a byte. Because of this you can create a simple array from 0 to 255 containing the TO values. Simple byte to byte conversions like EBCDIC to ASCII and variations of this in single byte encodings are implemented using a simple array like this which you could also call a table.

For the values that do not exist in your DEST or SOURCE encoding you can put a replacement character such as a question mark 3f as the value in the array, but error handling depends on your circumstances. Encountering a code value that is meaningless in the SOURCE encoding such as cf fe and ff shown above may mean the data is bad or that you do not know the exact encoding variant or are not aware of a specific encoding oddity that applies to the data. Encountering a code value that has no corresponding value in the destination encoding such as 04 shown above is a common problem when the destination encoding is not Unicode.

I included the actual question mark EBCDIC 6f and ASCII 3f (not red) to illustrate that there is also a legitimate 3f destination character code. The replacement character does not have to be a question mark, it could be any character in the destination encoding that you want to use as the placeholder in your destination data.

Implementing the conversion

The conversion program is very simple. Given a source buffer and knowing the buffer size, just declare your conversion value array and loop through all of the bytes in the buffer assigning the converted value. The following example changes the buffer in place; the alternative would be to have separate source and destination buffers.

unsigned char aConvVals[256] = { 0x00,0x01,0x02,0x03,0x3f,0x09, ...,0x3f, ...,0x3f,0x7d,0x4a, ...,0x3f,0x3f };
for ( int nOffset=0; nOffset<nBufferSize; ++nOffset )
pBuffer[nOffset] = aConvVals[pBuffer[nOffset]];

The important part of an efficient conversion is minimizing the instructions inside the loop. Here we are assigning a value based on an offset in an array; this is ideal. If you add error handling, try to minimize your logic that gets repeated for every byte to one if statement. One way would be to test for a special DEST value such as 80 which none of the SOURCE characters convert to.

unsigned char aConvVals[256] = { 0x00,0x01,0x02,0x03,0x80,0x09, ...,0x3f, ...,0x80,0x7d,0x4a, ...,0x80,0x80 };
unsigned char cVal;
int nProblemChars = 0;
for ( int nOffset=0; nOffset<nBufferSize; ++nOffset )
{
    cVal = aConvVals[pBuffer[nOffset]];
    if ( cVal == 0x80 )
    {
        ++nProblemChars;
        pBuffer[nOffset] = 0x3f;
    }
    else
        pBuffer[nOffset] = cVal;
}

Slow conversions are dumb

Conversion can be extremely fast and it should never impact performance if implemented properly. Hearing stories like the following post on Joel on Software Discussion make me really upset about what users have to deal with sometimes.

Never Fast Enough I have this Java program that reads every byte of a 3GB file, calls a static method that maps the byte from its original form (EBCDIC) to something useful (ASCII) in a large 'switch', then writes it to a new file. It is disappointingly slow, 3-5 hours on a HPUX 9000 server. I theorize it's because of the method call overhead (well, its being called 3 billion times for Pete's sake!), because the read/write operation itself only takes 5-10 minutes

If the read/write operation takes 5-10 minutes, the whole thing should only take 5-10 minutes, not 3-5 hours! If you read the comments in that JoS post, most comments were not helpful except for "Secure" who gave a simple and complete answer. The switch statement (instead of an array) and any other inefficient things in the Java subroutine were the prime culprits. For a large file you would need to buffer it, say 64k at a time, but the size of the buffer doesn't have a large influence. The original poster mentioned that removing the switch statement and subroutine cut the time in half but then vaguely referred to some other field translation that was slowing things down.

In general for any conversion or linear decoding/encoding operation, the file I/O time should be the significant part of the time it takes. The character set conversion itself should be insignificant; like a second for 100 megabytes (at least in C/C++). This is true even in more complex multibyte conversions which I will cover in later posts.

Ben Bryant's blog
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Incline Adjustment: There`s a variety of ways to adjust the incline of a home treadmill, from the automatic incline which changes depending upon your heart rate, to pushing a bottom on the console, to the less sophisticated methods of a manual hand crank or manually setting pins. Look into extended warranties. Exposure to such elements will damage certain crucial parts of your equipment. If you want your treadmill to last, be sure to check the belt for stretching or cracking.
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Price: Keep in mind, you get what you pay for. Just feel free to click on the links provided here and learn from our articles and tips on how you can get in shape and stay there using a variety of home fitness workouts and methods. One thing to remember though is before you start any rigorous workout program, check with your doctor to make sure your body is ready for it. And ease yourself into it going light for the first few sessions. rating can be a deceptive hoax if the treadmill manufacturer has not gone to the expense of using the right kind of motor for the job. What you want is both high continuous-duty horsepower and high torque at low revs. Less power is required at higher speeds, therefore more power is needed at start-up and walking speeds. User weight shouldn`t matter on a treadmill that uses a motor capable of high torque at low speeds. A good treadmill will dead-start well over 1,000 pounds. Some treadmills will actually use higher torque at higher speeds to raise the horsepower (over 6 m.p.h. where the user actually starts helping the belt along with foot motion), but good engineering puts torque where it is needed most, around 0.5 to 4 m.p.h. More power means a smoother walk or run without hesitations and motor resistance. In fact, there is a much smaller amp draw on the motor when initializing torque, as compared to a higher consumption of wattage when a motor is working harder to maintain faster speeds - or its maximum use of horsepower potential. This results in a longer lasting and cooler running motor.
Motor Controller
The treadmill motor will be controlled by an electrical power board, which regulates the positive and negative electrical currents to the motor. You should consider motor controller included in treadmill comparison. Because it can affect the life of the treadmill. Due to the technical language used in explaining what each does, we suggest asking a salesperson responsible for your treadmill of interest about this feature. Simply put, a PWM board will provide much more DC voltage than an SCR board by rectifying an alternating current (AC) into pure direct current (DC) voltage. SCR chops a 60-cycle alternating current 60 times per second, while a PWM will chop it about 16,000 times. (AC voltage is a constant change of positive/negative current 60 times per second, which is a cycle.) PWM boards result in a much quieter motor due to less electrical hum, and less service because they do not require chokes and filters. Higher pure DC voltage in PWM boards means a stronger current and about half the amp draw, resulting in higher tolerance to heavier users and lower electrical costs. PWM makes for less heat and therefore leads to: extended motor performance and longer brush life; easier torque boost adjustment; the use of heavier flywheels; and enough power to dead-start a heavier user weight. PWM boards are the standard in quality motor controllers.
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Most treadmills run from 0 to 10 M.P.H. According your need, speed is included treadmill comparison.though some designed specifically for walking may have more limited speeds. The right treadmill for you will match your own pace, whether fast or slow. Starting speed is a more important issue, and we recommend a safe starting speed of 1 M.P.H. or less. It`s not that you will be walking that slow, but starting speeds of more than a mile per hour are often too fast for most motors and may result as a jerk when the belt is started.
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Make sure from walking on a treadmill that there is more than enough room on the belt for your longest stride. Narrow or short tread belts are symptomatic of a high-friction bed. We recommend a belt no less than 16 inches wide. Make sure that you can reach and read the monitor without walking onto the motor housing. Be careful of stepping off the end, as well. Quality belts shouldn`t require frequent maintenance, whereas low quality belts need to be regularly lubricated, otherwise they stick to the deck. Make sure that belts which require adjustment for tracking and tension can easily be adjusted by you.
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It has been argued by many that a quality deck is the single most important component of a quality treadmill. Treadmills fail due to heat, and better decks operate at low temperatures. Quality treadmills have pretreated decks requiring very little maintenance other than wiping off dust. Other than that, quality decks should need no substantial maintenance. Listen for a deck that makes little noise against the belt when exercising. Avoid decks comprised simply of plastic over wood or particleboard painted black. A good deck will be made from layers of different specialty material for durability and longevity. A permanent wax compound is preferable to compressed fiberboard in deck construction because this greatly reduces friction. The best deck and belt combination is a dry one. If in doubt, ask about whether or not to lubricate the deck with silicone spray, and then follow the manufacturer`s directions during the warranty period.
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Of course, roller is also considered to treadmill comparison. Roller size is better if about 2 or more inches in diameter. The reason for this is that the belt is able to run with less tension due to contact with a larger surface area, which results in a longer life to both the belt and the roller bearings. Larger rollers turn more slowly at all speeds, which also prolongs bearing life. Larger rollers mean the use of larger bearings, which can handle a larger load capacity. There is less stress on the belt when forced around larger rollers, and less flex stress results in cooler temperatures on the polyester fibers of the belt, in turn, leading to less wear than small rollers with more belt flex, higher temperatures, and tighter belt tension. At cooler temperatures the belt coating last longer and thus prevents excess friction. There is also more overall strength to the treadmill with larger rollers simply because they require larger axles. Steel rollers are preferable to aluminum because aluminum rollers can oxidize and may form a grinding material that acts as sandpaper on the belt. Solid rollers are much better than hollow rollers.
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pneumatic or gas shocks, and manual cranks.Incline is in treadmill comparison. It is according your need to decide whether to choose treadmill with incline. Quality incline should be quiet and shouldn`t allow the treadmill to wobble at high elevations. Electric incline with a worm screw is ideal, though because it uses a separate motor the price is then affected by another couple hundred dollars. If you do prefer electric incline then make sure the motor doesn`t strain with one or two people on the treadmill, which would indicate a weak motor. You will generally find manual cranks on lower-end treadmills to keep production costs down. Though any of these means of incline are just fine, make sure the control is located on the monitor console where you can adjust it while exercising. Most quality treadmills will incline to 10%, and though you want maximum incline to help attain to your target heart rate, too much incline may easily lead to injury. Most users don`t go above 10%.
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simpler the better. The most common are LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) and LED (Light Emitting Diode). You will often find LCD displays on less expensive equipment to keep prices down. LED displays are used in mid to high-end treadmills are much more easy to read because they are lighted, though more expensive to produce. Other kinds of displays found on expensive equipment include Digital and Gas Plasma, which we feel are seldom better than LED. Most high-end treadmills will be fully programmable for speed, electric incline, distance, time, heart rate, and emergency shut off, but you can save money by purchasing a treadmill that offers only the basics. The control panel, more than anything should be simple to use and readouts that are large and easy to read. Many consoles offer a set of pre-programmed exercise levels and allow for you to program your own routine of exercise, which is desirable when attaining to your target heart rate. Where high-end treadmills are considered, you should choose a console, which provides error messages when problems or malfunctions occur to help diagnose the symptoms of failing or damaged internal parts. Price has a lot to do with monitor options, so you may save money by choosing only those control panel features which are of personal interest to you.
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Handrail location is up to the user. Whether one or two side rails or a handlebar on the front of the monitor console, they should be sturdy and out of the way of swinging arms. They are mostly used for balance, so make sure your treadmill has reachable and sturdy bars with comfortable grips. It is not necessary to hold the handrails, and you will get a more natural feel if you walk upright at your normal speed, just as if you were outside. You can carry a couple of small weights to give yourself an upper body workout while you walk.
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For health, you buy treadmill. So safety is in your mind about treadmill comparison.Because motorized treadmills are a moving, machine certain safety precautions must be included as standard features, including an emergency shut-off that is easily accessible, the ability to limit incline and speed, a gradual start and stop, and accessible hand rails for both runners and walkers. A safe starting speed is 1 M.P.H. or less. It`s also good for a treadmill to have its own circuit breaker to prevent the motor and electronics from burning up in case of power problems. The use of extension cords should be avoided, and the power supply must be grounded. An anti-static mat will help keep your machine in position, as well as eliminate static buildup in the tread belt. A mat will help protect your floor from dirt, sweat, scratches and dents.
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شاهدت الافلام العربية بالقسم ستجد ايضا قسم افلام اجنبية افلام اجنبية ايضا لمشاهدة اخبار الفن والفنانين فوووت علي قسم اخبار الفن والفنانين
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